Please
note: These words,
paragraphs and thoughts below, are my own, and
have been here for some 20 years or more now. You
may now see them plagarised and reproduced all
over the web whenever you happen on sites and
articles that mention the blitz on Hull, but this
is where they were posted first.
As indeed are the maps. If anyone 'owns' the
copyright to the maps, it's 'AGE CONCERN'; that is
where the map that I first scanned came from,
being on display there for several years in a
glass case in their old building. Who owned it
before that, exactly who prepared it, is still a
mystery. We have to presume the Hull City Council
at the time, for only they would have been party
to all the information to put the maps together.
But it was myself that split the map, did the
artwork on the sections to tidy them up, remove
the worst creases, and indeed made the actual
plots clearer. The original map was not in good
condition. I 'restored' it, and here is where it
was seen first.
If you want to use sections of the maps for your
own site, or indeed quote my words, I cannot stop
you, and nor would I. The maps are not mine, but
the article below is. So, for your own use, for
family history purposes, that's what they're here
for, please do feel free. As to plagarising my
words, it's no good banging on about copyright to
folks that cheat and lie about where they found
their material, as can be seen on websites
everywhere. But an acknowledgement would be nice,
indeed polite.
But then, this is the here & now, and not the
age I grew up in - .
The Hull
Blitz
Some Thoughts and Points to Remember
It
should be mentioned, indeed remembered, that over
1,200 people in Hull lost their lives in these
raids, and some 3,000 were seriously
injured. The city spent over 1,000
hours 'under alert' over the six years this horror
lasted. For most people, that meant taking cover, in
their own or communal air-raid shelters. Over
three-quarters of the total housing stock was either
totally destroyed or damaged to some degree. Some
Hull families were 'bombed out' two or even three
times. In all the radio and newspaper reports of the
time, this great port city was usually only ever
referred to as a "North East Coast Town", supposedly
to avoid giving tactical information of damage, and
sucour, to the enemy.
Consequently, it is only in more recent years that
Hull has been recognised as one of the most severely
bombed places in Britain, and her citizens paid a
higher price than most for their chilly east coast
position. Hull often took bombing meant for more
inland places, such as from enemy aircraft fleeing
down the Humber to the open sea after failing to
find Sheffield, or Leeds, or other northern towns,
the victim of pilots who needed to 'dump' their
bombs.
It sounds cruel, but it was normal practice for
bombers to have to dump their unused, unloaded
bombs, before returning to base. No pilot, our own
or the enemy's, would risk a potential heavy or
crash landing back at base with live and armed bombs
still aboard. But the difference between our RAF
crews returning from bombing raids over Germany, and
German Luftwaffe crews returning to their bases from
bombing us, is that pilots and aircrew of the
Luftwaffe didn't care where they dumped their bombs.
The RAF had strictly observed dump zones in the
North Sea and English Channel, where our own pilots
could safely unload unused bombs with minimum risk
to civilian safety. Our aircrews often had
'secondary targets' where unused bombs could be
unloaded on enemy factories or port installations,
but it was not always possible for an aircraft to
reach them. Many an RAF crew paid the ultimate price
for not just dumping anywhere, when an anti-aircraft
shell, or an enemy night-fighter caught them, and
scored a hit in the actual bomb bay thereby causing
the aircraft to instantly blow up. The RAF did
not dump indiscriminately, without thought as
the German Luftwaffe cruelly did. Almost without
exception, the RAF dumped their unused bombs at sea,
in those accepted safe zones, clearly marked on
their charts and well away from coastlines. As
pointed out, just getting clear of the coast to do
that was problematic with a severely damaged
aircraft. Perhaps critical folk on the continent in
Holland, Belgium and France, and yes, even Germany,
should remember that occasionally. We treat
their folks far better than the Germans treat ours.
So in their rush to dump unused bombs, it would be
fair to say that the German Luftwaffe often served
Hull a good deal more punishment than was originally
intended. Not that the word 'fair', as used here, is
even remotely appropriate. The Germans did not wage
'fair' war, they waged total war. Some folks
conveniently forget that the Nazi war machine, the
Luftwaffe, deliberately intended to bomb and
kill civilians right from the very start. That
was the whole idea, that was their main intention,
the whole reason for the blitz, first on London, and
then the rest of British cities. They did it in
France and Belgium when they first invaded there;
indeed, ask Poles how much regard for civilians the
Germans had when they flattened Warsaw in just a few
days. Terror was the name of their game, and
they were good at it.
And there lies my main point; it was a massive
difference in mindset. I suggest that not one RAF
pilot took any pleasure from knowingly killing women
and children, however accidentally it may have
happened, and most would only say that it stuck in
their craw to have to do it at all.
If any RAF pilot or air gunner had been caught by
his mates deliberately strafing civilians in the
street, he would have been severely reprimanded if
not court-martialled, let alone totally rejected by
those same colleagues. He wouldn't have had any
mates! Some of our own pilots would have willingly
taken such an offender out, round the back of the
mess, and shot him themselves. But many German
pilots revelled in it, as if it were 'sport' like
chasing a fox or rabbit. More than one farmer on
his/her tractor working the fields was shot at from
the air by murderous German aircrews in their
bloodlust. The documented accounts of such
strafings, of chasing civilians with machine-gun
fire along town and city streets throughout the war,
are numerous, recorded as fact and undeniable.
Indeed, one famously recorded incident happened
right here in Hull, when civilians were
machine-gunned from the air down Holderness Rd, and
that incident very close to the end of the war even
when the Germans were losing! Even then, with defeat
staring them in the face, they were murderous in the
extreme. Too many people today seem to be in some
doubt just how much effort it took to put those
swines down and what it cost in innocent lives ...
including their own German civilians.
You will probably also notice, as others have and I
often wondered about, the large clusters of bombs
that are recorded on the outskirts of the city in
what were then fields, and also in places like
Pickering Park. I hadn't realised until recently
just how many barrage balloons were moored around
this city, upwards of 80 or so, and many were moored
in those very parks and open spaces, often not too
far from the anti-aircraft gun and searchlight
batteries. These balloons forced enemy pilots to fly
much higher than they'd really have liked to or else
risk colliding with the balloon itself or ripping a
wing off on the thick metal hawsers that anchored
them to the ground. Those hawsers were similar in
thickness to those used to moor a ship in the docks.
Several barrage balloons, around 15 or so, were
anchored to specially adapted balloon barges moored
out in the Humber all along the riverfront, known as
the 'E' Waterborne section, and most of the others
around the city were anchored to a winch on the back
of a heavy lorry. They were increasingly driven and
operated by women, by the way, ladies of the A.T.S.
These were very mobile and could be moved about from
site to site, though in practice, most stayed
relatively fixed. Of course, the lorry with its
collapsed balloon could be driven to and from the
their base camp at RAF Sutton for repairs, or a
total replacement if required.
RAF Sutton on Hull
Needing a
local balloon barrage depot, the RAF took over a
large site on farmland at Sutton, along Wawne Road,
which became 'Hull's Own Air Force Station', to be
the maintenance site for all these balloons, their
lorries and crews. Balloons weren't really effective
against high level bombing, nor meant to be, but
were more designed to discourage dive bombers,
Stukas, such as those that had such devastating
effect in places like Warsaw. Dive bombers were the
real worry, perceived even before the war started as
the real terror weapon, not least because of the
screaming noise as they dived - and because they
pointed themselves directly at their target, they
were incredibly accurate. In the German case,
ruthlessly accurate. The enemy fitted a specially
designed 'screaming device' to their aircraft
specifically to achieve the terrifying noise that
would frighten civilians into even more panic.
Continental folk that had already been subjected to
dive-bombing called these planes "Screaming Death."
A very graphic and apt description indeed.
To that degree, balloon barrages did work, as by and
large and as with other UK cities, Hull was not
dive-bombed in the way continental cities were, the
prime example being Warsaw. Alongside a balloon site
was often an anti-aircraft gun site, of four,
sometimes five 4-inch high-angle guns, plus
searchlights. By necessity, these were usually sited
on open ground - in parks within the city, and open
fields without. Additionally, the city was ringed by
a system, top secret then but common knowledge now,
called 'Starfish', of decoy sites to lure enemy
aircraft away from the blacked-out industrial and
real docks areas. False fires, burning tanks of old
oil, plus searchlight and anti-aircraft batteries
making the area appear to be heavily defended, were
out in the open fields ringing the city. Some
farmland to the east of the city was flooded to a
shallow depth, in land cut to mimic the shape from
the air of Hull's docks when reflected in the
moonlight. These elaborate decoys obviously worked,
and thus saved many more lives, as shown by the
plotted number of bomb falls. But, as is the way
with these things, many fell on the nearby outlying
housing estates with devastating consequences.
Unintended consequences indeed, but it does explain
the maps to a large extent.
I find it incredible, and amazing, that through all
this chaos and carnage, time and effort was taken by
the authorities at the time to plot the fall of
every bomb, and note every type, no matter how
devastating the raid. Without that record keeping,
under the most severe of circumstances, the map you
see here couldn't have been made. Of course, there
was a good pragmatic reason for it - not all bombs
went off. Plotting a stick of 6 bombs and only being
able to account for 5 gave bomb-disposal squads a
fairly good idea where the missing one might be. For
often, an unexploded bomb, lying deep in a garden or
allotment, was then buried by the spoil from another
blast close by. Sometimes, a bomb that had failed to
detonate on impact would go deep into soft earth,
then actually change course underground when it came
up against harder clay. It was known for them to
enter and travel along a sewer for quite some
distance. Such a bomb could often be found several
dozens of yards away from where it entered the
ground, and just because it hadn't gone off on
impact didn't mean it couldn't, or wouldn't explode,
if the slightest thing disturbed it. So the
authorities needed to know everything about a raid.
All in all, it says much about the British of the
time, of our forefathers and grandfathers, their
sense of order amid chaos, that they would stand out
in the open observing, noting down in indelible
pencil on thick notepads everything they saw. I
doubt we would achieve as much now in only half the
circumstances. With the way the world is shaping up
at present, we may soon find out what our
limitations are and our society be found very
wanting.
So I take my hat off to them, every ARP warden, Fire
Watcher, council worker, train, tram and bus driver,
all the police, nurses, doctors and all the
emergency services, every postman and midwife,
waterworks and gasman, and engineers of all kinds as
well as the myriad of other staff in every type of
public and commercial life, on the docks or in the
town, who attempted to make life as safe and as
normal as possible for the many, and to mitigate the
worst effects of the horrors of total war on women
and children, and the elderly. And not forgetting
the Scouts ... yes, boys, under 15, that acted as
couriers, messengers, weaving in and out of bombed
streets on their bikes to take their notes to a
central control point.
It is now fashionable for certain foreigners to
criticise the British for our 'stiff upper-lip". But
that is just what was needed then. No room for
wailing and hysterics at a time like that. No time
for tears and histrionics before news cameras and
thoughts of compensation and someone must be sued.
No mamby-pamby gutter-press journalists hoping for
people to break and crack before the all-staring
camera lens. No spare staff for counselling to make
folks believe they hadn't really just lost both
their home and half their family all in one night.
They gritted their teeth, cried and grieved in
private, and went to work next morning. Sick leave
just for trauma wasn't an option. As many people
said - and with a characteristic smile - "Business
As Usual". And they just got on with it. That's why
we survived as a nation, and that's why we won. For
those that didn't make it, we should remember what
it cost them. Hull has its own mass graves - in
Chanterlands Avenue Cemetery - to remind us.
These maps are therefore a testament to fortitude.
May the Lord help us if anything remotely like it
ever happens again, for I'm damned sure the society
we live in now couldn't help itself. Criminal
looting would be a bigger problem now than it ever
was then, even if we did have a 'shoot to kill'
policy. Yes, occasionally, even back then, there
were looters. And yes, they were shot. No mistake,
and no apology. There are many accounts, not just in
this city but also London and all the others, of
bombed out families coming back to their properties
when the authorities had made the street safe,
sometimes a week or two later, to find whole rooms
essentially intact - and everything untouched
- I kid you not, that's how it was. It wasn't a
question of just locking the front door - many
houses had neither a 'front' nor a door to lock. But
they largely remained untouched. Things broken, yes,
covered in dust and debris, shattered glass all over
the place, but cupboards and drawers still often
contained personal effects, even valuable items.
We're in a much different society now. Some would
say broken.
So total war involves everyone. Everyone is in the
front line, including women and children. The
descendants of those 3,000 Hull casualties can
testify to that. And to go back to the issue of
unexploded bombs, 'UXB' as they were called, it
should also be remembered why so many German bombs
didn't go off. It has been estimated that between a
sixth and a fifth, or perhaps 20%, of all German
bombs were 'faulty'. Unusual for such thorough
German engineering? Well, no, it was not the
engineering. It was sabotage. Tens of thousands of
civilians in conquered European countries, but
particularly Poles and French, were used as forced
slave labour in German munitions factories. They
knew full well what they were doing, and took
immense risks to sabotage the bombs themselves.
Perhaps their main motive was in thinking that the
bombs they were being forced to assemble would be
used against their own countrymen, so I don't
pretend that in all cases they were especially
thinking of sparing the British. But that is the
effect it had, and many of those unfortunate slaves
paid for their silent resistance with their lives
when caught.
However bad it was during the blitz, we should
remember that it could have been much, much worse
had it not been for people now long forgotten; and
it's also worth remembering that many of them were
actually German. Yes, the Nazis used some of their
own people, mainly dissidents, union members or
those thought be be remotely left-wing, as slaves.
Many were women, and when caught sabotaging
armaments, the Germans did execute them, often by
beheading on a guillotine. At the very least they
were shot, and that usually after torture. We owe
them all a huge debt of gratitude. So not all German
people were our enemies - and likewise, not all
Frenchmen or Russians were our friends. Look up on
Google the 'White Rose Society', and
you'll see we're not talking Yorkshire here. For
folks who cannot for 'concience reasons' wear a red
poppy, I would suggest they wear a white rose
instead. I would happily wear both.
It has also been fashionable in recent years for
some "British" folk to question our actions against
Nazi Germany, with regard to our retaliatory bombing
against Hamburg, Cologne, Berlin and the cities of
the Rhur. Those people tend to forget who started
it. One big difference between our veterans, and
German veterans, when ours all line up on November
the 11th to remember their respective dead - our
servicemen and their descendants do not
have to search their consciences for the reasons
they were fighting and giving their lives. Germans,
in the main, were not fighting for survival, they
were fighting for a megalomaniacal dictator who
promised them great things and great wealth at other
peoples' expense. They were a nation hoodwinked by
clever politics, yes, but that doesn't alter the
facts. Germans have to try to forget that when
remembering their comrades in arms that died for a
murderous tyrant. Our veterans will never forget it,
and probably not let them forget it either.
Terrible things are done in time of war, by all
sides, some out of sheer cruelty, but many are out
of accident or lack of imagination as to what could
or might happen. Such is the fate of war. But in the
realms of sheer cruelty, if ever there were two
names of European cities that should always be
remembered as monuments to evil, they're Warsaw, and
Guernica. If you don't know where the latter is,
look it up on Google, or see the link below. Hull
was at least spared that. Even Coventry and London
were spared that. Probably due to the forethought
and careful placing of barrage balloons and the
people that manned and maintained them - and another
point worth remembering is that later in the war,
after around 1942, most of those anti-aircraft
sites, searchlight batteries and balloon tenders,
were manned solely by women. And very good they were
too.
The Bombing of Guernica 1937
and also Hitler's
Destruction
of Guernica. If you're young, and never heard
of this, these accounts will shock and horrify you.
Read them before you criticise the bombing methods
we had to take to destroy the swines that could do
this, and moreover, laugh while they were doing it.
It's because Britain did eventually defeat the Nazis
that you can happily still speak English, elect your
government, and can even dare to question anything
at all to do with government. For German youth that
did criticise and question what the Nazis were
doing, I mention here again what happened to members
of The
White Rose Society. That's not pleasant
reading either.
If you would like to see an authoritative diary of
day-to-day action over the North East, including up
to Tyneside, do see NE DIARY - and look for
Sunderland and the account of the Heinkel Bomber
that was shot down over some terraced houses there,
killing a mother and wounding her husband and
daughter when it finally crashed into their house.
That is typical of the tragedy of war - our little
victory in stopping that bomber going further, but a
mother's death as the price for it. That sort of
thing happened not once, but with variations,
hundreds and hundreds of times.
Find out
elsewhere on the web about the little girl in
Bristol, dazed after a bomb destroyed her house,
that fell into another bomb crater, and the young
lad that went down into it to help her. He got into
trouble, and couldn't get out. Two ARP wardens then
went down to help them. Rescuers eventually
recovered the bodies of both children and two men
... gassed with the carbon monoxide fumes following
the explosion.
It still amazes me that so few today understand
anything about what happened in this city during
those dark days. Perhaps ignorance is truly bliss,
for they don't know how fortunate they really are.
But with all the information there is around now,
all the museums and films and books and rolls of
print on how it was in WW2, telling what it was all
about, and the price that was paid, how can so many
folks still not know? Do they know it is almost
impossible to buy a house in Hull built BEFORE 1939
that WASN'T damaged - not an easy task? 86,715 homes
were wrecked to some degree - 152,000 people were
made homeless. Only some 5,000 homes had no damage
at all. And that is just in ONE city in the UK -
others were just as or nearly as bad - London,
Manchester, Sheffield, Glasgow, Plymouth, Coventry;
the list goes on. And as I've pointed out, the
Germans were already well practiced in the black
arts of terrorising civilians from the air before
they launched their black wrath on us. We can count
ourselves fortunate that combinations of forward
planning, the RAF, Civil Defence, Fire Watchers and
our emergency services, and all those tragic folks
who made sure there were so many faulty bombs, all
spared us much, much worse.
As to the intensity and severity of Hull's
suffering, I reproduce here an excerpt from the 1960
autobiography of Herbert Morrison, one of
Churchill's wartime cabinet. He was firstly Minister
of Supply, and then Home Secretary for much of the
rest of the war. He frequently toured the country,
with and without Churchill, to see for himself
blitzed towns and cities. This is what he said about
the blitz on Britain, comments I first saw on a BBC
People's War history site recently, though I suspect
they have been widely used elsewhere:
"The Coventry raid
was, of course, appalling in its intensity and
as it was the first serious attack on a
provincial town it goes down in history for the
creation of a new word for human brutishness -
coventrated. London with its sixty consecutive
nights of bombardment received the greatest
tonnage of bombs, as well as daylight raids, but
London is very big and as the world knows London
could, and did, take it. But don't underestimate
the troubles, anxieties and sufferings of the
Londoners. Plymouth, as a naval town and easily
identifiable on the coastline, received a
terribly concentrated series of attacks and
Liverpool had a nasty week. Manchester, Belfast
and Clydeside had nasty times. There were
others.
But in my experience and from remembrance of the
reports, I would say that the town that suffered
most was Kingston-upon-Hull. We had reason to
believe that the Germans did not realize that
they were bombing Hull. Morning after morning
the BBC reported that raiders had been over a
'north-east town' and so there was none of the
glory for Hull which known suffering might
produce.
The raids on Hull were only occasionally
concentrated so that the devastation of a few
houses did not produce stories of disaster and
heroism to repeat far and wide. Hull often
suffered for what might be said to be no rhyme
or reason except that it was an easy target. But
it was night after night. Hull had no peace. I
have since been honoured by this courageous town
by being appointed High Steward and it was a
privilege for me to tell the citizens that the
government was fully aware of their sufferings
during the war and the heroic manner in which
they had endured them.
So, as far as Hull is concerned, and how bad it was
- 'nuff said.
ADDITIONAL
NOTE: added 26 Sept 2005
It was recently brought to my attention of a
serious omission to the bomb plot data on
Map 5.
On the night of 14th April, 1942, a High Explosive
bomb fell into the back gardens of 2 and 4 Woodlands
Road, just off Willerby Road. The bomb destroyed a
garden air raid shelter, and 4 females from those
two houses were killed, one of them a two year-old
baby.
I am grateful to Mr Terence Vickers, whose
grandfather lived nearby and attended the scene to
assist in the rescue of those trapped and injured,
for bringing this omission to the original data to
my attention. Therefore, Map 5 has been duly amended
to set the record straight.
The details are recorded in the Civilian War Dead
Index, and in the NE DIARY quoted above.
THE ONE AND ONLY FLYING BOMB:
Further news: A correspondent contacted me in 2017
to say that, as a 12 year old boy living on Spring
Bank West, he had witnessed a flying bomb, V1, pass
over his garden heading towards Willerby Rd. Mr Don
Pattison said it was very low, and had frightened
him and a neighbour at the time, as it only just
seemed to skim the top of the nearby railway bridge
and embankment. It would seem that the rocket was
flying very low, almost level and similar to the
manner of today's cruise missiles. It had been
air-launched from an adapted German bomber off the
coast. He
also recalled the date was Christmas Eve, early
hours, hence he had still been awake hoping
to hear the bells of 'Santa Claus', when he heard
the roar of the rocket engine, and recalls seeing
the tail of the flaming rocket exhaust as it passed
over. Indeed, there is such an account, with a few
more technical details, on the HULL & EAST RIDING AT WAR
website.
History tells us now that this was the one and only
V1 bomb to land in the Hull district, though
apparently some others overflew Hull to land much
further west, even Pocklington. At such early hours
of the morning, Don was one of the few to have seen
it, though many will have been awoken a few seconds
later by the enormous blast when it landed.
Ironically, Don also says that his father, who was
stone deaf and never knew a thing, didn't believe
him when he recounted what he had just seen! Such is
fate.
The story of such a late V1 attack, Christmas 1944,
perfectly illustrates how, just when Hull's
inhabitants could well be forgiven for thinking that
'all that was over', you could still never be sure.
Allied forces had long over-run the V1 and V2
launching sites in Northern France, and so the
Germans went to great expense and trouble to devise
how to launch them from the air over our own coasts.
Some today are in great admiration for such German
industriousness and clever ingenuity; I still can't
consider it to be anything but a determination to
perpetuate their sadistic evil for as long as
possible, even when defeat was as good as certain by
that time. Remember, the war ended but 4 months
later. Clever it might have been. It was still evil.
Our
Very Own Crater
The picture below is the enormous wartime crater
covering the gardens at the back of our houses in
JRA, caused by a parachute mine that fell in 1941.
It looked rather like a large metal dustbin and
packed with explosives. It was set to go off at a
pre-determined height, usually around 20-30ft or so,
to cause maximum blast damage as well as a rather
large hole. Houses just at the edge of Garden
Village can be seen in the distance. When it was
eventually filled in, after the war, several old
buses and cars were used as filler, as well as
hundreds of tons of rubble. The lady next door was
killed when this parachute mine went off. (see more
news below). This was by no means exceptional,
albeit quite a large bomb, there were similar
craters to this in residential areas all over Hull
and in all our bombed towns and cities. Mind you, to
hear some Hull folk talk today, you'd be hard pushed
to realise all this was only 70 years ago - just two
generations, and many have already forgot. If a town
has a memory, a collective memory, it seems to be
woefully short these days. I'm pretty sure that
Poles, Russians, Czechs, French, Belgians, Dutch,
Danes, and all the other nations that were wronged
by their bullying neighbour won't forget in ten
generations, let alone two. It's just we British
that are soft. Forgiveness is one thing. Forgetting
is something else.
ADDITIONAL NOTE : added 2 Mar 2006 -
Click
this link to go to a Separate Page for more
information on this particular land-mine, and the
incredible coincidences that led to extra
information about this tragedy some 60 years later.
This small
image is a link is to part of a fascinating
aerial photograph, taken by the RAF in 1943.
The more I look at it, the more I see. In
the large format book, PLAN FOR KINGSTON
UPON HULL 1945, two of these huge photos
appear covering both sides of the city. This
is about a 20% extract from the East Hull
photo.
Landmarks are : Holderness Road
running SW to NE across the bottom of the
pic, with part of Newbridge Road
just visible across the corner ;
Barnsley, Buckingham, Mersey, Durham
Streets all slanting away in
parallel across the middle to the NW ; our
area of the bottom end of James Reckitt
Avenue , top end of Endymion
Street , and the various railway
embankments, bridges, etc ; the whole of
Garden Village to the right, clearly
showing The Oval and most of
Holderness House ; the large field
that was to become Archbishop Temple
School at the top of Westcott
Street , and the large areas of
allotments at the back of the drain and
Reckitts sports field , now the site
of Dove House Hospice ; East
Park Boating Lake is just visible,
top right ; the dark line running across the
bottom left corner is the old low level
railway, that crossed Holderness Road via a
level crossing - most of you will know it
better now as Mount Pleasant ,
running parallel to Courtney Street
; and finally, the old Drain runs up the
left side of the photo.
Bombsites show starkly in the snow, and this
is, for the most part, some 2 years after
they fell - and JRA shows all the original
young elm and lime trees, planted in
opposite pairs, all the way up to
Chamberlain Road and beyond. . The
elms were lost in the 80s to Dutch Elm
disease. The photo opens in a new browser
window.
|
[ 307Kb ]
You'll need to give this photo a few secs to
load, into a new browser window. Just close
it when you're finished with it. |
|